Comparing Scal Measurements And Pore Network Flow Environmental Sciences Essay

In this thesis undertaking, a comparative analysis between parametric quantities from an bing experimental informations of SCAL measurings and pore web flow theoretical accounts is carried out. The SCAL parametric quantities include comparative permeableness and capillary force per unit area. The experimental dataset was obtained from a big figure of sandstone Fieldss consisting capillary force per unit area and comparative permeableness informations for drainage and imbibition. The curves from different procedures were obtained from suiting theoretical accounts such as: Corey or power jurisprudence ( comparative permeableness ) , Brooks & A ; Corey ( drainage capillary force per unit area ) and Skjaeveland ( primary imbibition capillary force per unit area ) . In add-on, correlativities were established between curve parametric quantities and permeability/porosity and wettability for the complete subset of sandstone stones. In the same manner, a set of statistical practical stones w as created utilizing the procedure based Reconstruction technique. The Reconstruction starts from the grain size distribution of certain sedimentary stone type such as Fontainebleau, Bentheim, Berea and a customized North Sea reservoir in order to imitate the natural procedures of organizing sedimentary stones ; i.e. deposit, compression and diagenesis. This technique allowed the creative activity of a sum of 34 sandstone practical stones with different petrophysical belongingss. Subsequently, the pore web theoretical accounts were extracted and a sum of 3210 pore web flow theoretical accounts were obtained with changing oil-wet pore fraction, contact angles ( making 3 different conditions ) and administering oil-wet elements based on pore size: uncorrelated with pore size ( random ) , preferred large-pores and preferred small-pores. The information points obtained from the pore web flow theoretical accounts were fitted by implementing the Marquard-Levenberg and Trust Region algorit hm curve suiting techniques utilizing the same theoretical account curves explained before ( Corey, Brooks & A ; Corey and Skjaeveland ) . In a undermentioned measure suiting parametric quantities were plotted against permeability/porosity and wettability index giving a 2nd set of correlativities. Both sets of informations were compared ensuing in understandings in some instances and dissensions in others. It was found that for primary drainage all parametric quantities agreed good ( Pe, Sir ) but the curve form factor a demoing lower tendency values compared with the experimental dataset. The ground might be associated with either the absence of kineticss effects in the pore web theoretical accounts or the unsimilarities in the grain size distribution. Parameters for primary imbibition showed some understandings every bit good as dissensions. In footings of capillary force per unit area parametric quantities, the oil curve form factor ao showed a comparatively good correlativity wi th regard to experimental informations and proposing that the experimental nucleus sample should be classified as intermediate-wet. In add-on, the H2O curve form factor aw pore web values resulted in slightly higher than experimental informations. It is of import to observe that the experimental value of aw was fixed at 0.2 accounting for non dependable experimental values at low impregnations. With respect to the entry force per unit areas, cw showed comparative similar values as to experimental informations whereas carbon monoxide was somewhat lower. Furthermore, the pore web flow theoretical accounts wettability consequences were compared with the experimental informations utilizing different contact angle ranges, changing the oil-wet pore fraction and altering the distributing of oil-wet elements based on pore size. No clear correlativity was found for mixed-wet and fractionally-wet wettability categories with theoretical tendencies. However, some variables did act upon the wett ability of the pore web flow theoretical accounts. Both comparative permeableness curves, form and values showed some sensitiveness when analyzed with different pore-scale supplanting mechanism, oil-wet pore fraction, contact angle and pore size distribution. It is of import to take the possible being of mistakes into history for both, experimental dataset, every bit good as the curve fitting process and some failings related to the pore-scale physical premises in pore web mold.1. IntroductionPresents due to the necessity of understanding how the hydrocarbon recovery could be increased as a effect of the world-wide depletion of conventional oil reservoirs, several elaborate surveies of the reservoirs are carried out. Normally to obtain a stone sample from a reservoir, a nucleus must be cut from it. Subsequently, the nucleus must be shipped to research lab installations where a sample must be collected. Laboratory experiments performed on reservoir nucleuss have been the chief beginning of informations, nevertheless, these nucleuss have to go through through a long and boring procedure before any information can be acquired. These procedures include cleansing, criterion and particular nucleus analysis, ageing in order to find petrophysical belongingss such as porousness, seawater permeableness, capillary force per unit area, comparative permeableness and others. The most appropriate handling and readying processs vary with the ultimate aim of the nucleus analysis. From a common nucleus analysis, belongingss such as: porousness, permeableness in different waies, residuary oil impregnation and connate H2O impregnation can be obtained. In contrast, for particular nucleus analysis samples are handled with particular attention to reconstruct the reservoir wettability conditions in order to use measurings. The informations obtained could be: capillary force per unit area, comparative permeableness, wettability and residuary oil impregnation. Therefore, a tool that could potentially supply the nexus between the reservoir sample and the indispensable information required without holding to execute research lab experiments is used in this work. Its prognostic capablenesss ( still non proved engineering ) are based on pore web theoretical accounts of digital stone. Network theoretical accounts were pioneered by Fatt in the 1950s [ 3 ] by administering the pores and pharynxs on a regular planar lattice and consecutive make fulling them in the order of inscribed radius utilizing the Young-Laplace equation. During his research, he was able to formalize the pore web theoretical account with experimental informations and to obtain capillary force per unit area and comparative permeableness curves for drainage as a map of mean impregnation. At the same clip, the classical infiltration theory was introduced by Broadbent and Hammersley [ 4 ] , patterning the random flow of a fluid through a medium and depicting how elements of the medium independently permit or fail to allow transition. However, farther progresss from Fatt ‘s position did non happen until the early 80s, when Larson et Al. [ 5 ] , looking at pore degree natural philosophies combined the infiltration theory with a stochastic attack to foretell the distribution of the non-wetting stage during two stage flow. Since so, understanding of the implicit in physical mechanisms and the function of pore-space geometry and topology has been increasing. Lenormand et Al. [ 6 ] , K.K. Mohanty et Al. [ 7 ] used theoretical accounts with rectangular cross-section capillaries to detect and depict the supplanting processes during imbibition. These theoretical accounts are still the foundations for web mold: piston-like supplanting, snap-off and pore-body filling, leting the pore-scale natural philosophies of supplanting to be understood. Thereafter in the early 90s, two-phase and three-phase web theoretical accounts and the ability to include wettability change were developed by several writers. Kovscek et Al. [ 8 ] , incorporated thin wetting movie forces into a aggregation of capillary tubings theoretical account to depict the geological development of alleged mixed-wettability in reservoir stones. Their theoretical account emphasizes the singular function of thin movies. Blunt [ 9 ] extended their analysis to different fractions of oil-wet pores, contact angles and initial H2O impregnation. Sahimi et Al. [ 10 ] , developed a two stage comparative permeableness theory utilizing stochastic constructs from infiltration theory. The extension of the three -phase flow web theoretical accounts to existent porous media has been complicated by the trouble of depicting the 3-D pore construction of existent stones. Therefore, the usage of webs derived from a existent porous medium was foremost introduced by Bryant et Al. [ 11 ] by pull outing their web from a random close wadding of every bit sized domains and doing anticipations of comparative permeableness, capillary force per unit area and electrical conduction. Widening this attack for a wider set of sedimentary stones, Oren et Al. [ 12 ] introduced a procedure based method which mimics the terminal province of the geological procedure that formed the stone. This attack has proved its foretelling capablenesss in several plants [ 13, 14, 15 ] . Nowadays, many groups of research are dedicated to the country of pore web patterning, such as Imperial College, Heriot-Watt University, Australian National University and Numerical Rocks. Digital stone natural philosophies or pore web mold is an emerging field that may add a great potency for the approaching old ages. In this work, the experimental dataset used was antecedently generated in-house by Shell International Exploration and Production B.V. , happening correlativities between SCAL parametric quantities and porosity/permeability measurings for drainage and imbibition. The capillary force per unit area was obtained by utilizing the extractor method where a cylindrical sample is foremost saturated with oil and mounted in a extractor in order to whirl in stairss of increasing rate. The centrifugal forces throw oil from the sample, while drawing environing H2O into the sample. The continuance of each velocity measure must be sufficient for production of oil to discontinue. In add-on, comparative permeableness measurings were done utilizing steady province methods. In each experiment, fluids are injected at changeless rate and fractional flow. The force per unit area bead and impregnation are non recorded until they reach stable values. Then the fractional flow is changed and the process is re peated. The consequences obtained from research lab experiments are stored in a database and the information is analyzed looking at some tendencies or correlativities. Smits and Jing [ 2 ] , investigated comparative permeableness curves utilizing the Corey Model or â€Å" power jurisprudence † . He linked the six Corey parametric quantities to happen out their several correlativities to water/oil imbibition. The survey included 13 sandstone reservoirs. Cense [ 1 ] suggested a set of correlativities utilizing the consequences of laboratory experiments on water/oil primary drainage and imbibition for capillary force per unit area in sandstone and carbonate reservoirs. From these two plants, the best tantrum for drainage is based on the semi-empirical relationship of Brooks and Corey [ 16 ] parametric quantities: and ( 1.1 ) where Personal computer is the capillary force per unit area in Pascal, Pe is the entry force per unit area in Pascal, Sr is the decreased impregnation, Sir is the irreducible H2O impregnation and a is the curve form factor. For imbibition and secondary drainage, a Skjaeveland [ 17 ] tantrum is used to depict the capillary force per unit area curves: ( 1.2 ) and ( 1.3 ) where cw is the H2O entry force per unit area, carbon monoxide is the oil entry force per unit area, aw, ao are the H2O and oil curves shape factor severally. The equation 1.2 consists of two subdivisions. The first subdivision is called H2O subdivision and is defined by parametric quantities cw, aw and Srw whereas the parametric quantities co, ao and Sro define the 2nd subdivision or so called oil subdivision. During this work, practical stones utilizing a procedure based Reconstruction technique are created and their several pore webs are extracted. Once the pore web theoretical account is created, the flow in the web is modeled to obtain for primary drainage, primary imbibition and secondary drainage, the comparative permeableness and capillary force per unit area curves. A set of suiting parametric quantities that describes old curves are correlated with permeableness, porousness and wettability. Therefore, the importance of this work relies on an alternate attack capable to place failings and strengths resulted from the informations comparing between the web flow mold and research lab experiments. The workflow procedure of this work is done utilizing the e-Core package ( see appendix A ) . It is chiefly conformed by three phases: the first one is related to the creative activity of the geological theoretical account, where the digital stone samples are generated utilizing petrophysical parametric quantities. The geological theoretical accounts have to go through through the different typical chief organizing sandstone procedures, such as: deposit, compression and diagenesis. Second, the pore web is extracted from the geological theoretical account where several nodes and links stand foring the pores and pharynxs of the stone are recreated. Last, the pore web flow theoretical accounts describes the stone fluid interaction occurred at pore-scale. This is done in order to foretell constituent relationships of comparative permeableness and capillary force per unit area. Once the constituent relationships are acquired, some analytical correlativities are used in order to happen a representative tendency between the pore web flow theoretical accounts informations and research lab informations.

Does the Pyrrhonist sceptic have a convincing answer to the challenge that it is impossible to live without opinions?

The Oxford English dictionary definition of a sceptic is â€Å"a person inclined to question or doubt accepted opinions†. Scepticism is a doctrine that was followed seriously first by Pyrrho, who believed that the true way to find peace was to avoid dogmatising and to live life with no set beliefs. Nussbaum sums this up in The Therapy of Desire as the belief that ‘to every argument another argument of equal strength is opposed'. Therefore it is impossible to decide on one argument, and true inner peace is found by accepting this and allowing yourself to simply exist, acting only on your instincts and senses. A Sceptic would not assert â€Å"the sky is blue† but rather would say â€Å"the sky appears to be blue†. However, even Pyrhho struggled to stick to scepticism, saying that we would have to â€Å"altogether divest ourselves of the human being† to live completely as a Sceptic. So the question must be asked: is it impossible to live without opinions? From the outset it seems that society, particularly modern society, is built on the assumption that we all have beliefs, even if only fundamental ethical beliefs, for example the assumption that murder is wrong. We are brought up with set ethical beliefs before we are old enough to philosophise for ourselves, and it is this social conditioning that allows us as humans to live without the constant threat of being murdered hanging over our heads. Indeed, those that choose not to live by these fundamental social rules are often institutionalised, either in mental facilities or in prisons. Although these beliefs change and vary over time and in different world cultures (for example, it was common for promiscuous girls to be mentally institutionalised in the 1960s, whereas now that practice would be shocking to most) most societies define themselves by their beliefs, either religious or cultural. The most strong and consistent belief system that has spanned over time and continents is the belief that without strong ethical principles, the world would turn to chaos. Moreover, it is impossible to ignore that life often depends on making decisions. We must almost every day decide on what would be the best course of action. When we wake up we decide whether to stay in bed for the rest of the day or to wake up and carry out whichever activities we had planned. After breakfast we decide whether to do the washing up immediately or to leave it for later. Sceptics argue that we must be led by our senses and instincts, as well as by necessity and the laws and customs of our land. This addresses concerns about the possibility of the world collapsing into anarchy without any set ethical beliefs, but then if the whole world practiced scepticism, there would be no laws and customs of the land to adhere to. If someone in this sort of society felt a natural instinct to murder every day, there would be nobody who would decide that this was wrong and so find a way to stop this person from killing. After the fall of Baghdad to coalition troops in the Iraq war widespread looting took place. This sort of natural, instinctive reaction to the absence of strict laws and belief systems shows all too clearly the impossibility of a universal imposition of pyrrhonian principles. Another important factor to remember when discussing Scepticism is the thought that, by asserting that scepticism is the best way to live, sceptics themselves are dogmatising. â€Å"Sextus cannot have a single definite procedure without having some values†-, â€Å"How can Skeptism be anything, one might ask, if the Skeptic has no beliefs? â€Å"- Nussbaum) Sceptics counter this with the idea that Scepticism isn't a fixed doctrine, but a natural inclination, an instinct. They are flexible in their beliefs, allowing them to be questioned too. Therefore they escape the accusation that Scepticism in itself is a belief system. However, it is still difficult to apply this theory to the average human being. We would have to un-learn our tendency to be dependent on our beliefs and re-condition ourselves in the ways of Pyrrhonism. This would take time and demand motivation and rigid training of the mind- far from a natural instinct. However, it is also possible to argue that, regardless of the difficulty, it is impossible in this world to find peace without having sceptical beliefs. Take the example of a fictional dogmatic. He is confused about how best to find happiness, and so takes up philosophy in the hope of discovering the truth and therefore live a happy life. After many months of enquiry, he comes to a conclusion and so sets out a guideline for himself, to help him work out on a daily basis what to do to keep himself happy. He happily carries on his life under these new guidelines, until he comes across someone who argues with him about the way he lives his life. A seed of doubt is placed in his mind and he is confused and angry. He is now no longer happy. Scepticism would mean that our man would never have had to go through this cycle. He would have inquired into happiness but kept an open mind. Now imagine that the guidelines that he had decided on in the first place had been wrong and after many months of living by them he was not happy at all, though he thought he was because he had never experienced true happiness. By not dogmatising he could have avoided becoming arrogant for no reason. Another argument for scepticism is that of human suffering. It cannot be denied that humans, dogmatists and sceptics alike, will experience suffering in their lives. However it is their reaction to it and the significance they place on it that determines how much the pain affects them. Pyrrho believed that, by theorising about pain and suffering, and imagining it as some kind of evil, people increased the level to which they felt their pain. Sceptics accept that they feel pain and that this is natural, but do not have any particular theories about it, and therefore achieve peace. However, although the benefits of scepticism seem ideal, this does not remove the difficulties of applying it to every day life. As an ideology, a level of scepticism applied to every day life would perhaps make people happier and better adjusted. People would be less prepared to accept false theories dogmatically, always remembering that an apposing argument could be just as valid. They would not be fixated on their suffering and try to create reasons for it, but instead would â€Å"relax and let life happen to [them]†, and by relaxing would live happier, more fulfilled lives. But scepticism applied fully would be impractical, as we could have no assurances of safety, and the effort it would take to re-condition our entire way of life would be too great.

Why Hanguns Must Be Outlawed ( Nan Desuka) Essay

Why Hanguns Must Be Outlawed ( Nan Desuka) - Essay Example Besides the appropriate premises for gun control, she articulates the ethical concerns for the free availability of weapons in America. Whether guns are the weapons of threat or the tools of comfort, is the issue about her deliberations. She uses the tool of pathos to seek sympathies for the people who are able to save their lives with the availability of the weapon in serious life-and-death situations. But the same technique is also employed to highlight the contrary view by elucidating how people lost their lives or injured seriously, for no fault of theirs with the gun, though legal. Thus her argument is comprehensive and it includes the logical, sentimental and ethical angels and it demonstrates how complicated the issues involved are. If gun control is compared to the heart, arguments are like the alternative beats of the same heart. She makes a mention of two slogans impacting the entire gamut of the issue: â€Å"Guns don’t kill people: criminals do† (Desuka n. p. ) and â€Å"Guns don’t kill people: people kill people.† (Desuka n. p.) On a closer scrutiny of the statements on the portals of the mind of an individual who hears them, she weighs the impact of the dilemma related to the choice between the two in the sentimental world of the hearer. The statement that criminals kill people indicates the use of pathos. It creates resentment in the heart of the hearer about the criminal with the malicious intentions of the weapon to commit heinous acts, including murder. In stating ‘people kill people’ she highlights a bigger story which is a truthful assertion. She channelizes the hatred towards a section of society, the criminals, to an issue of negligent attitude of free availability of guns to one and all. This hearty appeal is an expression through the rhetorical application of logos. Desuka shows awareness of the issue from all ends, and she knows the importance of man behind the production of guns and the man using the guns, for good or bad intentions. It is a peculiar situation of dual responsibility. It is like the scale of justice, in which both arms of the scale are important to strike the correct balance. Desuka employs logos by methodically tendering the fact which indicates how criminals alone do not indulge in killing persons with handguns. The number of the criminals who commit murders is low as compared rapists or robbers. The statistics would give the relevant information. â€Å"About 30% murders are committed by robbers or rapists. More than 60% of all murders are caused by guns and handguns are used in more than 70% of these.† The author argues like a sociologist, when she asserts that â€Å"majority of these crimes is committed by known assailants and they can said to be crimes of passion or accidents.†(Desuka, n. p.) This is a pointer to the lacuna in her arguments. Desuka’s basic premises have shortcomings that cannot be corrected. She is trying to offer so lutions to a hardcore secular issue, through flowery philosophical leap. Her argument is—â€Å"outlawing handguns will remove them from both the criminal and the non-criminal, thereby eliminating handguns as a cause of death, either intentional or accidental.†(Desuka, n.p.) A law may be perfect; in other words there is no dearth about perfect laws. The shortage is in the area of perfect human beings to implement the laws. What then, is the procedure to mold perfect human beings? Wise men have written millions of pages, but the possibility of the entire humankind turning perfect is remote, nay impossibility. So handguns will be there, and dominate the affairs of the society, as total enforcement of laws is not possible. And no force on earth can totally eliminate the manufacture and

Packaging and Pricing Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Packaging and Pricing Strategy - Essay Example Concepts have helped to make Lowes Home Improvement Stores the second largest home improvement retailer in the world today.(Fortune, 2008) Lowes constant drive toward market branding has influenced and helped many manufacturers to improve their individual products. One firm that has successfully integrated into the Lowes paradigm is Green Fiber. Lowe’s Home Improvement Warehouse is an American-based chain of retail home improvement and appliance stores. The Mooresville, North Carolina-based chain has grown from a tiny hardware store into the world’s second-largest home improvement retailer.(Fortune, 2008) Lowe’s is ranked 48 in the 2008 Fortune 500 Largest Corporations in America. (Fortune, 2008) The company has grown nationwide and today, its stores offer around 40,000 products in stock and even more products are available through their Special Order Service.(Lowes, 2013) One of unique branding success stories within the Lowes family is Green Fiber. Green Fiber has developed the capacity to turn what has previously been an environmental "problem" into a major commodity in the building products industry. Green Fibers natural fiber insulation offers a substantial environmental benefit: made from 85 percent recycled paper fiber, Green Fiber insulation products divert millions of tons of paper from landfill each year.(Green Fiber, 2013) As a natural fiber blow-in insulation made with no harmful chemicals, Green Fiber insulation products provide a safe option for builders and DIY homeowners that wish to improve the efficiency of their home insulation without introducing chemically treated materials.(Green Fiber, 2013) Green Fiber Cellulose Insulation provides a smart environmentally-friendly choice for home upgrades and new construction. Cellulose insulation is a cost-effective alternative to conventional fiberglass insulation.

Reasearch Paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Reasearch - Research Paper Example Over the years, humans have become quite adept of getting the resources that they need to the places that they are required in the shortest amount of time possible. The process of spatial interaction also helps to explain why some areas of the world have a deficit in some areas of need, while others have a surplus. This can be seen in the case of most of West Africa not receive an equal distribution of food and vital resources to sustain its populace, while the countries of Western Europe seem to have more than enough (Anselin, 2008). If spatial interaction can be used to better examine how to more equally distribute these goods and services via a complex web of transportation networks, then the global population can perhaps become more balanced in terms of the ‘haves and have nots’. Spatial interaction is directly related to economic growth. The distribution of goods and services is predicated on the economic model of supply and demand. There continues to be a wide gulf in terms of relative wealth between the respective regions of the world. In fact, much research is currently focused on better understanding the regional disparities that exist between one country and the next, and much of this focus in on spatial interaction. In considering this issues, it is helpful to discuss the long-run economic growth model present by Solow. This particular model discusses the gap in spatial interaction by looking at the variables of educational capital, health capital, migration, and certain spillovers in knowledge (Anselin, 2008). Where these variables converge or diverge deterring how countries and regions differ in terms of their ability to provide the populace with a steady flow of the goods that are required to sustain a balanced and normal life. There are various external factors related to investment in infrastructure and logistics that affect the economic

U.S. Foreign Policy and Trade Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

U.S. Foreign Policy and Trade - Essay Example Overview A country’s trade policy unavoidably implements a country’s foreign policy. This is because, at minimum, international trade reflects state recognition. This fact alone circumscribes foreign trade policy under a country’s overall foreign policy. In international trade, goods and services are exchanged. Conventional economic theories on international trade say that international trade promotes development and development in turn promotes equity consistent with Kuznets’s inverted U hypothesis (Todaro and Smith, 212). The choice of trade partners always implies a choice what countries the U.S. wants to have accelerated development. At the same time, trade has its own dynamics. The World Trade Organization, for example, was established precisely to depoliticize trade and make trade subject to multilateral rules rather than beholden to the unilateral rules of powerful nations. Although U.S. foreign trade policy will always be an extension of her overal l foreign policy, international trade has its own dynamics and can influence or even subvert U.S. foreign policy. This means, for example that US influence can decrease as multilateral trade organizations assert their collective decisions even if the original intent of U.S. foreign policy is for the U.S. to increase its influence through the promotion of the policy. U.S. Foreign Policy and Trade with Latin America Latin America is the â€Å"largest supplier of foreign oil to the United States and a strong partner in the development of alternative fuels† (Barshefsky et al., xi). The country is also â€Å"the biggest supplier of illegal drugs† into the United States (Barshefsky et al., xi). Moreover, â€Å"Latin America is also the largest source of U.S. immigrants, both documented and not† (Barshefsky et al., xi). Thirty percent of U.S. oil imports come from Latin America compared to only 20 percent from the Middle East (Barshefsky et al., 6). Latinos constitute about 15% of the U.S. population (Barshefsky et al. 6). For the said reasons, Latin America is extremely important for the U.S. as well as a significant source of problems. It is important for America to influence Latin America but Barshefsky and colleagues emphasized that â€Å"the era of the United States as the dominant influence in Latin America is over† (xi). Latin American regard for U.S. â€Å"global and hemispheric leadership is at its lowest level† (Barshefsky et al., 7). This is shown by data: Latin Americans who favor U.S. political ideas were only 29 percent in 2007 compared to a high 45 percent several years ago in 2002 (Barshefsky et al., 7). The Monroe Doctrine provided the guiding principle for U.S. policy on Latin America for more than 150 years (Barshefsky et al., 5). The Monroe Doctrine asserts U.S. power in Latin America but U.S. policy for Latin America can no longer work under that assumption in view of changes in the political situation, particul arly with regard to U.S. dominance over the region (Barshefsky et al., 5). Barshefsky and colleagues pointed out that â€Å"if there was an era of U.S. hegemony in Latin America, it is over† (5). During the years in which the U.S. enjoyed hegemony in Latin America, particularly from 1996 to 2006, â€Å"total merchandise trade in Latin America grew by 139 percent, compared to 96 percent for Asia and 95 percent for the European Union (EU)† (Barshefsky et al., 6). During the 1980s, as the Cold War started to subside, U.S. policy in Latin America moved from â€Å"

The Awareness of Mental Health among the American Public Essay

The Awareness of Mental Health among the American Public - Essay Example The total number of death cases in the Civil War is almost the same as the death cases in almost all other wars combined. Furthermore, more than one out of every five white men who participated in the war died (Vinovskis 1990, as cited in Costa n.d.). Studies about the prisoners of war (POWs) during World War II and the Korean War also suggest that they have higher risks of death from diseases involving the heart and greater prevalence rates or neurological and psychological disorders (Beebe 1980, as cited in Costa n.d.). The baby boomers, on the other hand, are so concerned with their health that herbal medicine's popularity increased significantly in the last decade. The television and magazines are full of advertisements about alternative ways to fight diseases, maintain good body resistance, and most importantly, aging. But what about mental health Is the American public so busy about hiring nurses from third world countries to attend to the health needs of the veterans of war Or are we busier in finding better ways to prevent aging How was the public's awareness of mental health different from the pre-war period "The mental health system in the United States has moved well beyond the official ignorance that prevailed in the 1970s and now recognizes PTSD as a diagnosable disorder. Armed with this diagnosis and prodded by veterans, rape victims, and survivors of genocide, we have begun to appreciate the profound and sometimes irreversible changes produced by overwhelming stress. These include fundamental alterations in perception, cognition, behavior, emotional reactivity, brain function, personal identity, worldview, and spiritual beliefs." (Freidman 2005). The previous passage may have been an answer. The world wars taught us so much about mental disorders: PTSD and other trauma, amnesia, psychosis among others. Before, psychologists who were treating veterans who were traumatized a decade or two after their war experiences did not worry that the certain mental illness the veterans may have has a stigma attached to it. Such stigma usually prevents disclosure of PTSD symptoms, thus, makes treatment and therapy difficult, or worse, impossible. Today, psychologists look at every aspect in which the environment or the society might affect a traumatized person directly, or via stigmas (Friedman 2005). From cases of mental disorders acquired by the veterans and victims of war, the awareness of mental health problems spread to the other sectors of the public. We now recognize that experiences need not be as grave as a genocide in order to worry about PTSD or other mental disorder. Other kinds of events like accidents, abuse, and disasters may also cause mental disorders. However, it seems illogical that we do not to pay as much attention to mental health as we do on beauty and anti-aging products. Yes, we may have progressed in terms of psychological treatment and research, and yes, we have increased awareness on mental health, but what is lacking is the promotion of mental health, especially to citizens of lower socio-economic status. We know very well that the elite can afford psychiatrists and psychologists, and there are many of them around. What about the common man Why isn't there a single television advertisement on mental health, or at least

Strategic analysis of a company located in UAE Essay

Strategic analysis of a company located in UAE - Essay Example Furthermore, the aviation industry of the Middle East will also be evaluated. Based on the findings, the study will underline the key strategic issues faced by Etihad Airways. A conclusion will be drawn regarding the most important strategic issue faced by the company. Once the issue is identified the report will offer some suggestions by which the issues can be either controlled or fully curbed. Finally the implementation process of the strategy will be portrayed. Etihad Airways, the national airlines of the United Arab Emirates was established in the year 2003, by Royal decree. The operation of the company started in the month of November, 2003 (Abed, Vine, Hellyer and Vine, 2006, p.207). Nevertheless, the journey began with a ceremonial flight from the Abu Dhabi airport to Al Ain. It is presently headquartered at the Khalifa City A, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates (Etihadairways, n.d.). The company operates with around 1300 flights in a week. Etihad Airways has its operation in 55 countries of the world. The company has a total fleet size of 67 airbuses and some Boeing aircrafts. According to the recent reports, the company has carried 8.3 million passengers in the year 2011. The data also reveals that the company has been able to achieve a staggering 17 % growth regarding the total number of passenger carries. The net revenue of the company was US$ 4.1 billion and the profit was US$ 14 million. It is also considered as one of the fastest g rowing airlines company in the history of aviation industry. The primary business of the company is to provide transportation services to the customers. However it also offers packaged holiday tours and tender international delivery services for its customers. In the passenger transportation service, the company has three products namely Pearl business class, diamond first class and coral economy class. The

Airport Design Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Airport Design - Research Paper Example The stakeholders of the airport include customers, transporters, Government agencies, airlines companies, civil aviation authorities, airport management and the staff members. Therefore, the airport design should facilitate all of them in a balance so that there can be efficiency in all the working areas of the airport and thus giving benefits to the airport management. all of these aspect of the airport design should be managed in the planning session therefore it is the duty of the engineers to keep these things at preference. The purpose of this research paper is to provide a guideline about the planning of an airport design. The main persons included in the process will be the airport managers, airport staff, airport planners, architects, and the overall aviation industry. However, these are the main persons in the planning process and then the construction process but throughout the planning and construction their main focus should be on considerations of the stakeholders and their concerns about the usage of the building. There are many of the important considerations or the factors, which are very important for the planning processes of an airport design. These factors or considerations are safety, Security concerns, operational ability, commercialism, financial support, aid, and the environmental conditions. In addition to this, there is a requirement of settlement with the local Government bodies and the civil aviation authorities. So that the airport management will not face any problem, form the legal agencies regarding any law or rules. In this section of the report, there is a detailed description of the step by step procedure of planning the airport design, analysis of all the necessary components of an airport design and an overview of the primary users of the airports. In the planning process of airport design, the first step is to gather and

Understanding Cultural Differences in Successful Global Businesses Essay

Understanding Cultural Differences in Successful Global Businesses - Essay Example Understanding Cultural Differences in Successful Global Businesses This paper shall discuss the thesis that understanding cultural differences is fundamental to success in global business. This paper shall first discuss the common differences apparent in various corporations and businesses. Secondly, it shall then review how corporations are dealing with these differences. Thirdly, a deeper understanding of cultural differences and how they impact on successful global businesses will be presented. Lastly, this essay will provide a summary and conclusion of the discussion. This article is being carried out in order to establish a clear and deeper understanding of globalization as well as the impact of cultural differences in relation to this phenomenon. Body In the current business context, cultural differences have a significant impact on the way businesses are carried out. Culture refers to shared values which impact on perceptions, attitudes, as well as responses. These qualities are very much apparent in the workplace and marketplace. Language is one of the main elements of culture and although English is considered the universal language, not all states speak it. Despite the universality of English however, corporations have sought to expand their language functionality, noting the marked increase in the number of languages being used in the business world, including Chinese, Spanish, and Japanese. For most international companies, most of them have understood that in order to be globally competent, they need to establish at least two versions of their websites. Japanese companies, for example, have adopted two versions of their websites – one in their native language and another one in English (Scholtens and Dam, 2007). Through these adjustments, these companies have managed to be accessible to their country and to the international community. Hofstede (1980) discusses how other elements of culture also impact on the effective globalisation of businesses. These elements include: power distance, uncertainty avoidance, individualism, masculinity, and long-term orientation. Power distance refers to the extent by which the less powerful m embers of society accept power (Hofstede, 1980). Cultures of Japan, Asian, and other Latin countries have high power distance relationships, however, this is low for the Nordic, Anglo, and German cultures (Robbins and Stylianou, 2008). Uncertainty avoidance is seen based on how people adjust to uncertainties, with some cultures having weak uncertainty avoidance and others having strong uncertainty avoidance. The Anglo and Nordic areas are known to have weak uncertainty avoidance, and the Latin, German, Asian, and Japan cultures have strong uncertainty avoidance (Robbins and Stylianou, 2008). As for individualism and collectivism, those which are individualistic are usually those who stick to rights of privacy and individual freedom; for those with collectivist cultures, their press is often controlled by the state and private lives are within public realms of interest (Robbins and Stylianou, 2008). Anglo, Nordic, Latin, and German cultures portray individualist qualities, while Asia n cultures have collectivist cultures. In relation to gender divisions, the masculine-dominated cultures are those which have aggressive and assertive males and have strong material success goals; on the other hand, feminine cultures tend to focus on preservation, conservation, and sympathy for the weak (Robbins and Styl

Positive Organizational Scholarship Essay Example for Free

Positive Organizational Scholarship Essay Positive organizational scholarship is an emerging discipline in organizational behavior and is about positivity in organization. The need for it emerged to bridge the gap between moral and rational objectives. It is not a new science, it is the new way of looking at things, it’s like you have just changed your glasses. In today’s world, society is facing extremely tough challenges in the form of global warming, natural disasters, economic recession, unprecedented homelessness, terrorism and the draining continuation of war. So at this moment of extreme negative happenings and uncertainty, what is needed to be emphasized and brought up is positive. With all this sadness and horror, where in the world does a science based on testing happiness, wellbeing, personal growth and ‘the good life’ ? t into the modern-day agenda? So, Positive psychology; is the study of topics such as happiness, optimism, personal growth and subjective well being. It promotes the factors that allow the groups and communities to thrive or flourish. At the current stage in this world of negativity, positive psychology focuses on positive experiences at three time points a) past centering contentment; b) present focusing current happiness c) future including optimism and hope. We should know that what a good life is ? Aristotle and Plato used to believe that when people carried out a virtuous life they would become authentically happy. The happiness are of two types in positive psychology according to Seligman, one is hedonic happiness which is high level of positive affect and low levels of negative effect, in addition to high subjective life satisfaction. See more: how to start a scholarship essay Other is eudemonic wellbeing which focuses more on creation of meaning and purpose in life. (Hefferon Boniwell, 2011) A science of positive subjective experience, positive individual traits, and positive institutions promises to improve quality of life and prevent the pathologies that arise when life is barren and meaningless. The model of Seligman of Positive psychology is divided into three parts: The pleasurable life, the good life, and the meaningful life. The pleasurable life is about things like shopping, eating, drugging, meaningless sex, etc. The research is finding that having more pleasures does not increase life satisfaction. The good life as defined by Seligman is about understanding and using ones core strengths/virtues in work and love and play. He, in conjunction with Chris Peterson, developed a VIA Signature Strengths Survey found that Having a life of high absorption does correlate to life satisfaction measures according to Seligman. Lastly, the meaningful life is when a person uses his/her strengths for the purpose of something larger than him/herself. Choosing to live a life of faith, purpose, meaning, correlates to life satisfaction measures. Marty also sees this aspect of his model directly related to Positive Institutions—those organizations that promote positive character development and/or meaning. Hes mostly focused on non-profits and religious organizations but others are applying it to for-profit organizations. (Seligman Csikszentmihalyi, 2000) An approach that is positive to selection, development, and management of human resources in organizations has been emphasized by both scholars and professionals over the years. A wide variety of positively oriented high-performance work practices in placement, compensation, and motivation and their underlying strategies, structures, and cultures have also been extensively studied and supported for their contributions to organizational performance and competitiveness. Research and consulting by the Gallup Organization also supports the importance of positive, strength-based organizational cultures and human resource practices . (Buckingham Clifton, 2001). For example, factors such as effective selection and placement practices that capitalize on employees’ talents, clear and aligned goals and expectations, social support and recognition, and opportunities for growth, development, and self actualization have been found to significantly contribute to employee engagement, customer satisfaction, and ultimately organizational profitability and growth(Harter, Schmidt, Keynes, 2003) On the academic side, the positive organizational scholarship or POS movement has been instrumental in providing macro-level scholars with a conceptual framework for organizing and integrating their research on positive organizations (Cameron et al. , 2003). Positive refers to the elevating processes and outcomes in organizations. Organizational refers to the interpersonal and structural dynamics activated in and through organizations, specifically taking into account the context in which positive phenomena occur. Scholarship refers to the scientific, theoretically derived, and rigorous investigation of that which is positive in organizational setting. (KIM S. CAMERON CAZA, 2004). Positive organizational scholarship (POS) is considered an alternative approach to studying organizations; it is argued that POS plays a critical theory role in contemporary organizational scholarship. By using essays on critical theory in organizational science to consider POS research, and drawing from the principles of Gestalt psychology, it is argued that the important distinctions between POS and traditional organizational scholarship lie in POSs emphasis on positive processes, on value transparency, and on extending the range of what constitutes a positive organizational outcome. In doing so, it is concluded that the primary contribution of POS is that it offers an alternative to the deficit model that shapes the design and conduct of organizational research. (Caza. Caza. , 2008) There are several reasons that exist for the neglect of positive phenomena in organizational science. They include a) Lack of valid and reliable measuring devices b) the association of positivity with uncritical science c) the fact that negative events have greater impact on people than positive events(Baumeister, Bratslavsky, Finkenauer, Vohs, 2001) The first reason for the neglect towards POS concerning measurement and instrumentation, most positively focused at work up to now has been at the psychological level. For example only surveys had been used up till now for finding out anything related to it. Most scholarly work in POS has been conceptual and definitional rather than empirical. Little empirical work has been published. (Cameron, Dutton, Quinn, 2003). The article by Losada and Heaphy uses a model to estimate team effectiveness. Communication patterns in 60 top management teams were observed and coded in day long strategic planning sessions. The ratio of positive to negative communication was ranging among high, medium and low performing teams. Positive teams performed significantly better Similarly Cameron, Bright and Caza’s study in which they surveyed organizations across a number of industry types, and eventually they found out that the organizations scoring higher on virtuousness had a better performance than the other ones. The second reason to the neglect towards POS is that the topics related to it have sometimes been associated with non scholarly prescriptions. Hope and optimism for example have been interpreted as wishful thinking. POS uses the word scholarship to identify its scientific and theoretical foundations. It is committed to documenting, measuring, and explaining usually positive human experiences in organizations. The third reason for the dearth of POS illustrated by Baumeisteret et al’s concluded that the events that are negative for example losing money or receiving criticism will always have a greater impact on the individual than the positive events such as winning money or receiving praise. Many good events can overcome the psychological effects of a single bad one. In case the numbers of good and bad events are equal then the psychological effects of bad ones always outweigh the good ones. This tells us that the neglect of problems and challenges might threaten the survival of individual. And the neglect of positive might only result into regret or disappointment. (KIM S.  CAMERON CAZA, 2004) Identifying the factors that lead to joy and happiness, hope and faith, and what makes life worth living represents a shift from reparative psychology to a psychology of positive experience. Similarly, Positive organizational scholarship examines the positive side of organizational performance. It investigates positive deviance, or the ways in which organizations and their members flourish and prosper in especially humane and extraordinary ways. It investigates virtuous elements in organizations such as compassion, forgiveness, dignity, respectful encounters, optimism and positive effect, integrity, and wisdom. This emphasis parallels a new movement in psychology that is shifting from the traditional focus on illness and pathology (e. g.  , deviancy, abnormality, and therapy) toward a positive psychology that focuses on human strengths and virtues. (Dinnah Pladott, 2003) Pos is concerned with understanding the integration of positive and negative conditions. Positive Organizational Scholarship (POS) and Positive Psychology are focused on understanding the conditions and processes that explain flourishing. What differentiates POS is an explicit interest in understanding and explaining flourishing in organizational contexts (including individuals, groups, units and whole organizations). Flourishing refers to being in an optimal range of human functioning and is indicated at the individual level by goodness, generatively, growth and resilience. At  the collective level of groups and organizations, flourishing may be indicated by creativity, innovation, growth, resilience, thriving virtuousness or other markers that a collective is healthy and is performing in an â€Å"above normal† or positively deviant range. POS also focuses on the development of individual, group and collective strengths that represent forms of individual and collective excellence. POS unites existing domains of organizational inquiry focused on flourishing. This includes work on flourishing indicators such as creativity, engagement, flow, growth, health and well-being, as well as contributors to flourishing that consider features of the organization, group and job contexts.

Five Driving Forces of CSR

Five Driving Forces of CSR CSR is the positive steps an organization takes in the way it functions, to give benefits to the community, and ways in which it can return to the community from which it has taken so much to get itself established. CSR is now internationally used tool to measure and compare the firms performances economically, socially and environmentally. The idea is to build a sustainable business that benefits the market and communities. It does this by maximising the benefits given to the local people like giving them work or employment and caring for their health etc especially for those who live near the factories. It cares for the community and the people. CSR does development work like building the infrastructure like the roads so that the people also benefit on daily basis. The important drivers include- Enthusiastic self interest Investment in the society Honesty with public Increased public expectations of business by contributing to the economy Through these drivers a close loop between society is achieved and there is a better understanding between the market and labor. By CSR orginizations contribute to the physical infrastructure and social capital is seen as the primary interest. Companies keep themselves open to public; accountability to the public is reported, organizations regularly pay taxes to stabilize the society. Iot takes some burden away from the government by helping build the country. It serves the nation by developing its economy and infrastructure. These drivers use strategy to give better services. They define the inventories/ business case by analyzing the programs they approve and then charter approval is based on the service portfolio and authorization. Chartering includes the communication and the resource allocation. CSR is an important activity internationally because of the globalization. Organizations who serve globally benefits from CSR. The key driver is social investment, by engaging in public policy CSR drivers lead the companies to good leadership and ultimate good business. Through these programs there is better and closer relationship with the investors and the stakeholders. The customers, benefits a lot and the communities grow by better and growing economy. (Source: http://positive outcomes.com.au) CSR gives real business strategy. The survey made in 2002 by Ernst and Young show that about 94% of companies believe in CSR. It influences about 70% of all consumers and their purchasing decisions. Ernst and Young (environmental and sustainable services principle state) Corporate Social Responsibilty is now the basic factors that decide the consumership and their choice with the companies. The core drivers of CSR are: Growth in stakeholder exceptions. The responsibility for the supply chains. The decreasing role of the government. The pressure from the share holders. Mr. Doug Miller 1999 conducted an experimental survey on CSR. Results indicated that consumers wanted higher social and environmental goal. The dying role of the state is an another driver or CSR because of the diminishing participation of the state, the stakeholders are benefiting and their exceptions are rising. Some basic drivers of CSR include: The standard employees; companies must keep standard employee and employ them on the basic of the quality of their work. With the competition in the market it is difficult for companies because employees opt for companies that here better visibility and are working for the sustaining communities. The IBR report (International Business Report in 2008 state that they were facing employee retention and this became the main driver for CSR. According the Moller, Jam Heltand from Great Thornton, Denmark business ethics is the key factor for recruitment and retention in Denmark is tight labour market, privately held business ignoring CSR issues are facing future skills shortages that will threaten their global competiveness. Managing Cost: To be sustainable it is recommended that every company should ensure that they keep their expenses as low as possible. By good operating procedures and keeping a check on the quality the costs of the companies is examined. E.g to manage the level of the toxic gases and the greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide is a challenge. It accounts to a large cost of the country. The countries responded very positively o this driver and engaged in CSR activities. Many countries like brazil rate this drvier one of the most effective means to check the companys performance. Brand building: Companies believe that if they involve themselves in CSR it will bring fame to their companies. They will get famous and will get promoting. By involving themselves in corporate social responsibilities companies get the positive wind from the consumers. This drives the companies to work for the welfare of the people. Engaging in social work rather than a public image becomes important as the company progress and moves towards the global market. Benefits by pay the tax, the company must pay the taxes and keep its system transparent so that is comes into the public listing most companies desire to listed. Case Studies: Different companies have different activities to keep their brand names up. SAP: For public interest SAP focus on education and to keep the community involved they educate people to spread awareness and keep the children away from youth suicide. The organization facilities the communities by providing them with resources like school based life skills to stop the people from committing suicide. To support these programs Australia supports these agiences by providing staff and volunteers. Sun Microsystems: A leading sponser of musica vivas first and only prime sponser. Through making links with an IT industry it benefits musica viva by benefiting it through giving it the opportunity of networking within the corporate sector resulting in opening it to the sponsers. Musica viva get promoted as customers gain increasing awareness of its activities and performances. Musica viva achievers its objectives of taking beauty and music into the lives of ordinary Australians and bringing arts and the corporate world together. It is like a mutual benefiter. Sun gives technical knowledge and help the market to reach the musica viva and music viva provides it the chance to give the community their culture back through giving them music. IBM: To promote web based society, IBM makes and provides the training material for education of web to the senior citizens. Other citizens that have knowledge of web pass with computer knowledge. HP: HP received a gold award from community chest of Singapore for raising millions of dollars for charity in 2003. This fund raising increased the employee participation to 50%. They met their challenge by wearing gladiator costumes they set their goal of competing with other IT industry leaders to raise charity. HP won it. Microsoft: Working with the world food programs, save the children and mercy corps it provides technical development assistance through the humanitarian empowerment and response through technology. Throughout the world the organization are using technology to spread humanitarian efforts. Investor Relations: For ethical practice in CSR business the organizations good investor relations and consider it an important factor of. Among other countries Vietnam is the leading country keep that maintains good relations with its investors. It gives a lot of importance to its investors.countirs like india ,turkey etc are emerging and consider it a driving factor of success.they believe that the investors make it possible for the company to meet the varying need of the customers.some countries donot think that good investment is a main driver because some established companies can finance their own efforts.such countries include developed contries like the Usa, Singapore japan and the europeon countries.the countries donot really agree investor relation to be the major drivor of CSR.The tactics used by the leading companies to engage the public is that they do welfare programs. The use low cost programs o deliver the public goods and accumulating the needs of the public and then meeting them in the market demand. They work by reducing the cost as compared to the other companies and meeting the quality due to the competition with other companies.Economies of scope: Mostly the corporate companies try to give better products to the producer.mainly these corporate firms have an established setup of the manufacturing industry.they can supply the latest technology.this really assists them to have the ecomomies of sale and makes their chance better of saling their product at a competitive price. Due to industry and experience they have edge over other companies.this also benefits the consumers because they dont have to try another product and risk with it. External pressure from the investors and the consumers: Companies offer portfolios that shelter the social considerations. They use social and environmental policies and use it as a marketing tool. The companies study and take benefit from the market survey. Benefits come to the investors when its capital increases and they are attracting more stakeholders and not taking anything from the government by releasing its burden by contributing positively to the country and making its economy healthier. The investors donot pressurise the companies to practise CSR. They have to be convinces that CSR is a powerful tool to build a healthy economy for a country and make it rich. Social funds are minute and have to had much impact on the corporations. They can not exert pressure on the share prices and influence the organizations attitude. Social funds can then also claim that the investors have not really given them the considerations. There are no clear evidences that can claim that there are differences between the two. It is a question whether or not social funds can produce CSR outcomes. Social fund managers compete with each other to find the investors and compete to keep investment criteria thus acting like fund managers. Due to social pressure investment firms then comes with the outcomes in the industrial sector. The social fund managers also focus on demands like the ones that carry sustainability and recycling. This is termed as eco consumerism. This helps them to capture the investors. This puts the pressure on the investors and they have to act ethical and respond to the ecological demands and act as socially responsible. Consumers also help promote CSR by making the appropriate decisions by buying the product produced by the company that used the CSR practice. If the consumers pay some insurance money regularly to the CSR brands the organizations will get an incentive to work for the environment. The benefit the companies gain by CSR compels the non users to also indulge in CSR practice. Government pressure: With increasing awareness about industrial carbon footprint, all corporations and entrepreneurs of all scale are trying to configure a newer, more eco-friendly and more socially responsible setup for the overall workflow. Some corporations tend to donate to environmental and social causes hence improving their business reputation; others develop a team based on a variety of races and other social diversities hence sending a message to the consumer eventually. This entire paradigm also tends to secure a certain underwriting from related government bodies. Engagement of government to these responsibilities not only ensures a health corporate growth but also help the government to breach into the areas where its resources fall short. With a given form of a government support, corporations offer a flexible working plan to its employs and also tend to invest the available potential into areas like waste management and energy efficiency, which finally benefit the gover nment itself. So it becomes a complex loop of collaboration and shared benefit. Phenomenon of global warming has also been taken seriously by innumerable corporations, especially the ones with higher carbon footprints. Their major production decisions take into account these climatic changes and their policies are constructed around a socially and environmentally sounder vision of society. Similarly, governments (especially agrarian based societies) also endorse animal adoption- related corporate policies. Similarly bigger (first world corporations) favor various support programs for children (especially living in the third world) and there are health-related support groups as well. Apple for instance launched a complete campaign of its products dubbed Product Red to endorse African Aids victims. The corporate get the advantages from the CSR. They work to keep the society flourishing and some work to keep their names high. There are many who get benefit from the CSR: the company,the consumer, the stakeholders etc. Tax advantage: The greatest incentive for the companies working and practicing CSR is that they get exempted from the payment of tax to the government because they are already doing a lot of good social work and keeping the environment sustainable. The developing countries like India benefit a lot from it. Brazil is another country taking most from this advantage. But this also implies that the organizations company should keep transparency in their taxation and must also have standard employees. This then allows them to be public ally listed. Measuring corporate Social responsibility : It is very important to know the basics of what you are going to do. And that is how you can achieve the task. Thing is how you will know that how you have to do that. No one tells the rules and the techniques of their way of work that makes their style copied by someone which degrade them. For example if u have to prefer in two different types of working then what will you decide in the two? The company which treats with their employs harshly and give you a good product or The company which treats with their employs softly and gives you a bad product. Corporate Social Responsibility measures to apply international national regional industry local and organizational aspects. And the characteristics are no unified terminology no unified definition no defined content no overall standards. On the other hand finance is also a major problem in controlling and measuring corporate social responsibility. In different companies the financial rate is different and the techniques to control the financial issues are different so the responsibility of measuring varies on finance of the company if the finance is controlled and used accurately will do better job then the company with the bad or uncontrolled finances. To control the finances of the company one should see the expenses of the company and use the expenses in a rite way at rite time. The way one could manage the finance of a company is my announcing the social corporate responsibility investments. It also got some problems in it different companies have different criteria of their own so every company use their own aspects in making of social corporate responsibility investments. To balance and control the financial reports audit is used to manage the accounts of the company and to check the finances of the company. An d to make the balance between two companies one should give some rules on which the company should have to give the answers about certain questions which can balance the two companies n make then work in the same criteria. And also understand the way of increasing their work objective to get the firm run in a better way. That is how a company or a firm or industry can understand that what is the need of the people and what are the requirements of the people and what they have to do or work on to get the required results. Every company will have to see whether they are performing well in their field or not whether they are giving the fine results to the people or not or whether these companies are satisfying everyone including themselves. Big firms and industries have to see that they must not be polluting the environment which is the biggest problem in industrial zone now a day. To manage all the things accurately the measuring corporate social responsibilities have to work in on it hard. To balance the way of working and the importance of work variably that what type of work needs more importance n what need lesser so that the result would be overall balanced and relatively equal to all others. Check on the managing the things done by the other companies that what are they doing and how are they doing the aspect of their work as relevant to the other companies. To see the equilateral input and output of the company as compared to the other company. The advantages of indulging in CSR: Economies of scope: It means that overall the production price for the company can decrease if they increase the number of products produces that have similar raw material. Using the some company name they can come up with various goods and services. They can also work in collaborations with other firms that produce similar products, and site near the source which manufactures the product. This is achieving the economies of scope. Economies of scope are cost advantage because instead of providing a single product and polishing it and making it better and special they can increase their output. Economy of scope can also exist if the one company makes various products under the same name with good quality and lower price than a group of separate firms each producing a single product. Economies of scope can be achieved when one input can be used to generate more variety outputs. This reduces the overall cast. They exist in home healthcare, telecommunication etc. e.g the research team of one company is capable of researching on a number of products ,their team work can cut down the cost by producing a number of products. Most of the corporate companies that have established their companies can offer better sale and advantage to the producers because they have an established setup (factories, technology, communication, transportation etc.). to help produce various products. They are able to give the products cheaper than the others with a good quality as compared to the ones who have stared their business and lack the experience. The companies with experience as able to make best use of the raw material at less price and during the production phase they waste little energy. They will have better graphics due to the skilled labour and consumer study and better technology for the packaging as well. They save a lot of money at the production stage and then they can pass some benefit to the users and buyers.

The Truth Of The Ideal Woman

The Truth Of The Ideal Woman This essay goes into a topic that is unaware to the majority of society. It goes to the roots of how society views women and it reveals the secrets of why women act, look, and think a certain way. This essay explains how the media is forcing women of all ages to conform to one image. It explains how stressful this is to a female and that they will go to great lengths, subconsciously or not, to fulfill the image that the media wants each woman to conform to. This essay goes into examples such as propaganda, the work place, raising children, a womans assumed role, womens health and even products a woman may buy to uphold the medias image. The media wants women to fulfill this perfect image, to do this a woman will think of herself differently, treat others differently, and overall this whole perfect image causes a chain reaction to our society and the way society views women, thus greatly affecting how women act, think, and look to fit this perfect image. Behind the Truth of the Ideal Woman Media shapes the way females think and act in society. One study reports that at age thirteen, 53% of American girls are unhappy with their bodies. This grows to 78% by the time girls reach seventeen.(National Institute, 2010) Physiologically, these young women wish their bodies were different. This drastically increases between ages thirteen to seventeen when a girl is first judged by their appearance. The media is constantly forcing females of all ages to conform to this perfect woman image. The media depicts females to have a certain body type, attitude, and it determines a womans future life goals. The media forces women to think, act and look a certain way. Women are given specific roles that are determined by the media. A womans first role is to be a caretaker; this idea is thrust upon us by the media. If a female is acting like a tom-boy it is frowned upon by society because of the way media exposes the perfect woman. This has been escalated ever since the end of World War II. The popular media (television, movies, magazines, etc.) have, since World War II, increasingly held up a thinner and thinner body image as the ideal for women.(Teen Health and the Media, 2010) The thin body image for women has been reintroduced into society and makes a womans image all she is and how she will represent her family. At this time physical and social appearances defined who you are and how your family was going to be represented. During WWII women got to have jobs to help their country, but once it ended every woman wanted to be her own provider, which was frowned upon because it was masculine, but, after WWII the perfect woman image was born puttin g pressure on the way society views women and their actions. Society believes that a woman must always be neat, at home, rested, etc. Just the thought of being grungy/dirty or any kind of hard labor was frowned upon and viewed as tom-boy like behavior. In a situation where a woman is successful in the working world we view it as if she cheated to get her way on top. Why, because media influences the way we view woman, even to this day. This causes us to treat men and woman differently because we subconsciously believe what the media is telling us. Subconsciously, we believe that what ever he media says must be true or have some truth to it. We do not care where they got their information we just believe it. It sculpts the way all females think and/or act. Media portrays woman as caretakers. For centuries woman have always trained their daughters to be like them so they can take care of their own families. As Kuperberg and Stone explain; During the past two decades, the media depiction of women in general, while in some ways reflecting the reality of changes in their labor force participation, continues to focus on traditional roles and is increasingly pervaded by an individualistic rhetoric of choice. The media depiction of motherhood remains highly traditional. It is against this backdrop that we explore images about women whose actions signify a return to the traditional family form of male breadwinner-stay-at-home mother. (Kuperberg, Stone, 2008) Society views women to have their family as top priority and if anything else gets in the way is must be put aside until their initial duty is completed. We have these cultural universals that the media forces society to be more sensitive toward woman and to give men tough love. If a girl fell and scraped her knee, one would aid her and talk to her as if she has no idea what to do; where as, if a boy scraped his knee one would give him tough love and tell him to suck it up. This trains a girl to be dependant on a provider and makes her learn that if someone needs help she will need to take care of them. We feel this way because the media wants all females to lean towards the traditional choice, to take care of others and to keep the females role at home. Any other kind of depiction of a females role is frowned upon. Mothers want to be good mothers in as many ways possible; one subconscious standard is to raise their children right. This pushes the stay-at-home or traditional view of a mother. Mothers then give more face time to their daughters to instill the same impression media shows society. By giving daughters more social activity it will stimulate the brain more frequently. If a mother has a baby girl she gives that girl more face-to-face time, if they have a baby boy, subconsciously they get less face-to-face time. This small social action a mother gives their child affects the way the think and act. This affects a girls brain drastically helping them throughout their life with social/group activities, in school and outside of school, with hands on problems. Boys on the other hand, learn to function on their own and be independent and are better at more seldom activities like math. (Money, 1972) Women, they say, learn early in life that female accomplishment brings few rewards. In some cases, women cannot be creative because they are discriminated against. In other instances, a womans creativity may well be blunted by fear of nonconformity, failure or even success itself. Unlike men, Kagan says, women are trained to have strong anxiety about being wrong. (Money, 1972) John Money is quoting Dr. Kagan, in which, Kagan is explaining how females are discouraged to be on their own and to depend on a provider to help them with their problems, thus showing the lack of creativity and showing how females are trained to follow directions or do as they are told, thus instilling the traditional role as a caretaker and to depend on a provider. Many mothers say that they do not favor either sex of their children but subconsciously they do because they are more social and compassionate with their daughters, they sympathize with them and guide them to be good mothers because as media has shown, a womans initial role is to be a caretaker. Studies also find that the messages conveyed in print media aimed at adolescent girls are traditional, emphasizing womens subordination to men, the centrality of heterosexual relationships, and the reinforcement of gender-segregated occupational stereotypes. (Kuperberg, Stone, 2008) The media is expressing how woman need to be at home helping and to do as their provider says. The media is brainwashing our society, especially our youth, to think that this stay-at-home traditional role is the only role for females and that it should be followed as tradition states. The media is convincing our youth to continue this cycle and to carry on in the desired perfect woman fashion. The media instills this idea that women are only to be caretakers and to train their daughters to do the same and to follow tradition. The media has suppressed womens voices all around the world. For decades a womans voice was ignored and never important. The media portrayed the perfect woman as the perfect housewife, nothing more. The medias ideal perfect woman is the 50s-60s domestic housewife, even though the styles have drastically changed over the years the media still stresses how important the stay-at-home mom is and how important a womans image and/or reputation should be. A womans role was to take care of the house and family, their opinions never mattered and if they spoke against their spouse then they were ridiculed and punished for speaking out of term. A perfect housewife would always be neat, organized, nice, thin, and was always cleaning, baking, or perfecting her image to fit the description. A housewife was never sloppy, or overworked. They only spoke when spoken to or if it was appropriate, they never used vulgar or inappropriate language. This why being a tom-boy was frowned upon. Being a tom-boy meant that a girl didnt care about how they looked, acted, and would do reckless and daring things. These tom-boy actions break this perfect image and who ever acted this way would be ridiculed by peers because they did not fit the medias standards. Girls were never allowed to play co-ed sports for a long time or sports that were originally designed for just men, such as basketball, baseball, and flag football. Today it is more widely accepted to be a tom-boy but it is still frowned upon if a girl acts like a boy. Girls are viewed to never roughhouse or to have outbursts because only rough boys do that, and their excuse is boys will be boys. Females then found a way around the physical actions to get what they wanted or to express how they felt. The media has forces females to be manipulative to attack others to get what they wanted to preserve their perfect woman image. This is where females bullying was always overlooked because it was never physical, it was purely emotional and manipulation. They [boys] dont care if they got in trouble, but girls dont want anyone to know they got into trouble, Maura said. Girls worry about how they are going to look.'(Simmons, 2003) These girls know that their image is defined by their actions so they fear that if they do get in trouble then their reputation will be ruined. The media puts pressure on these girls to be perfect and without flaws and if they were caught doing something bad then it would be the end of their perfect image. At this age their perfect image is everything; to lose this would be mortifying. These girls, who are only in middle school, are trapped in a vicious cy cle that the media portrays to our society, especially our youth. The media has shaped different looks and attitudes for certain age groups. For example, these girls that Simmons has interviewed are only in middle school. The media wants every young girl to be sugar spice and everything nice. They must act and dress a certain way. For clothing they only have girly choices and to be completely covered and modest. Any other kind of clothing, such as comfy clothes, is considered tom-boy like and frumpy. At this early age other students pick on who ever this girl may be despite her personality because in middle school image is everything. They are pressured to act this way and anything, such as rough housing/bullying, is frowned upon. These girls feel although they cannot express themselves freely and be themselves because the media wanted them to be perfect angels and to fulfill the single perfect image. They will then resort to manipulating others to channel how they feel. This then c arries on into their futures in high school and their working careers. Media labels women in the working world to be devious, untrustworthy and manipulative. The media makes us feel that having women in the working world is a negative impact and that a womans main job is at home. Support for the traditional male-breadwinner/female-homemaker division of labor declined; however, at no time was a womans career portrayed as more important to her than marriage and family. (Kuperberg, Stone, 2008) A womans working job is never top priority. For a woman to successfully get a promotion before their male competitor, her peers would say that she cheated to get ahead meaning that she most likely slept with or manipulated a superior to get higher up in the working world. This is not always true; media only portrays us to think that. A woman works harder than any man does at a job because it is a male ruling society, women are viewed as less valuable or incapable or doing a good job. This drives women to work harder and to become bullies in the workforce to keep up with the times and to stay on top. Because women, racing to crash the glass ceiling, are still token females around the office, their behavior might be scrutinized far more than a males. If a female has faced difficulties in getting to her position of leadership, she may still face doubts about her staying power in a male-dominated world. So, in a somewhat vicious cycle, such a female may return to that emotional manipulation she picked up at age 4: bullying. (Edmonds, 2010) Women are constantly doing whatever they can to be successful and to continue to be on top, thus resorting to bullying or manipulative actions at times. Media pictures woman to be deceiving or the bad guy in the working world, this is seen in movies and/or T.V. shows which society constantly watches and learns from. A recent movie that depicts the female boss to be an awful person is The Proposal starring Sandra Bullock and Ryan Reynolds. Sandra Bullock plays the pushy cut throat boss that everyone steers clear from and Ryan Reynolds plays her hardworking secretary. This movie is exactly how society views women in the working world. They are viewed as the tough competition. If successful, they are feared by their competitors or employees. In the movie, Bullocks character acts the way she does so that she can stay successful even though the things people say about her are hurtful. She acts like doesnt let it faze her but it truly does. This is what drives her to be so serious, hardwor king, and competitive. Many women in the working world feel as though they should put up this front to be successful. They feel as though they need to manipulate at times and to work twice as hard as men just to stay in the game, let alone trying to be successful. The media makes society view the working woman as a manipulative antagonist in the working world; in reality, the woman is putting up this front to hide her insecurity and to be successful in a working mans world. One may say that the media does not cause women to think and act a certain way but free will and/or choice is a main contributor to the way women think and act. Media sculpts women in a certain image where choices are limited to one category. For example; the ideal image for an eighteen year old woman is to have the following; bust size: 32 inches, waist: 23 inches, hips: 32 inches. This is the portrayed hour glass figure media states for the perfect woman. These women have to pay more money for less clothing. Younger shoppers, ages 18 to 34, are willing to spend more $60 a pair, on average but only one in 10 women say theyve shelled out more than $100 for a pair of jeans.(Kennedy, 2010) Women dont care how much they spend, as long as they fit the image thats all that matters. These women are prepared to spend this kind of money to fit the image the media wants them to fill. The image the media is handing out to our young women, 18 to 34, is skimpy, sexy clothing and a who-cares at titude. The media wants all women of this age group to be sex symbols and to do as they are told, thus preparing them for the new domestic housewife. To get any type of clothing that is comfortable, not revealing, and cheap does not exist. To achieve the respectable desired look they have to spend more money to look appropriately. With the current economy they need to save as much as possible, thus having them to resort to the image the media wants these women to follow. The media wants our youth to become the trophy wives that it has constructed our image to be. These are the only choices they have to choose from, they are still being labeled and sculpted into what ever image the media wants. The media affects each age group differently. For example a young girl in middle school is expected to be nice, sweet, smart, tidy, and above all the perfect child. Any other girl who deviates from this path is seen to be destructive by peers and adults. The adults assume that it is just a phase that a girl is rough housing and hope that she will go back to the perfect angel image. For a high school girl there is more pressure by peers and adults. The young woman is in transition from the perfect angel that the media desires to the promiscuous adult. In high school, every girl wants to be the it girl. The it girl simply means to be perfect in everyway the way the media wants them to be. They want to have that perfect body and the perfect friends and of course the perfect relationship yet, every girl is different physically and emotionally putting even more pressure on these girls to make them into the perfect woman. 90 percent of those who have eating disorders are women between the ages of 12 and 25.(Teen Health and the Media, 2010) These girls resort to hurting themselves to fit the medias standards. Can you imagine a twelve year old restricting herself from eating because she is being made fun of because she dresses like a boy because she cant fit into the clothes that are in or shes just a little over weight? These young women resort to eating disorders to fit the medias standards. They feel as though it is the only way to fit in and to be happy. The media is implanting these thoughts and acts into these young women to fit that on perfect image and to do what ever it takes to get there. Bottom line is that the free will that some may say influences the way women think or act means nothing because the choices they are given is determined by the media itself. These women have no choice but to follow in the cookie cutter image that the media wants them to have. Our societys youth is being forced into one generic style to prepare us for the next step, the traditional role of women. Its sad to think that no one seems to notice that the media is brainwashing our youth to conform into these perfect images and to crush any free will that the growing female may want to express. Work Cited Edmonds, M (2010). Are there differences between male and female bullies?. Discorvery Health, 1(1), 2. Kennedy, L (2010). Women Spend Average of Just $34 on a Pair of Jeans Poll Finds. Retrieved Oct. 25 2010., from http://www.stylelist.com/2010/07/13/women-spend-34-jeans-poll/ Kuperberg, A, Stone, P (2008). The Media Depiction of Women Who Opt Out. Gender Society, 22(4), 20. Money, J (1972). Behavior: Male Female: Differences Between Them. Time, 1. Inline Citation (Money, 1972) National Institute one Media and the Family, (2010). Body Image Nutrition- Fun Facts. Retrieved Oc. 25 2010., from http://depts.washington.edu/thmedia/view.cgi?section=bodyimagepage=fastfacts Simmons, R (2003). Odd Girl Out. Orlando, Florida: Harcourt, Inc..

Life & Liberty Essay -- essays research papers fc

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Life and Liberty   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"A bill of rights are what the people are entitled to against every government, and what no just government should refuse.† –Thomas Jefferson 1781   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"There has been no abuse of rights, and sometimes we must weigh rights against responsibilities.† -Attorney General John Ashcroft 2004   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Since our founding fathers first drafted a constitution, America’s core values have been life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness; without interference from the government. For the better part of two hundred years, Americans have focused on developing a fair and free democracy, in which everyone has an equal say and as many individual rights and freedoms as are possible in an effective society. Every once in a while, (America fights a major war about every twenty years on average.) improving and maintaining democracy falls into the shadows, and protecting what we have created becomes American’s foremost concern.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The U.S.A. Patriot Act was passed on October 26, 2001, with almost no opposition from Congress. (Senate 98-1, House of Representatives 357-66.)(Life & Liberty) The country was still shaken by the event of September the 11th. In fact while the bill was in deliberation, there was almost no opposition of any kind from special interest groups or organizations nationwide. Once the bill was enacted, two distinct sides were formed, one side confident that any loss of privacy was worth ensuring our safety and protecting our free democracy, and the other side questioning whether the assurance of safety was worth trading away our personal freedoms and right to privacy piece by piece.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The three-hundred forty-two page Patriot Act effects many American institutions, from local laws and civil policies all the way up to the Constitution, and most controversially, the Bill of Rights. The Bush administration maintains that the Act is an instrumental device in counteracting terrorism. They point to Sections 203 through 211 of the bill (Evergreen, Title II), which change the way info... ...ely† (PIPA). With varied poll results like these, it is easy to resolve that the American public is wholly unsure of how the Patriot Act affects them. While the Bush administration seeks to calm Americans and assure them that the Act protects our freedoms, groups like the ACLU seek to frighten and enrage Americans, alerting them to what freedoms have been taken away. With 62% of Americans still in the dark about what the USA Patriot Act actually means and does (Gallup), this is a battle that surely will not end soon. Works Cited: Evergreen State College; â€Å"Official legal summary of the USA Patriot Act†, February 14, 2003 Gallup Polling Organization poll conducted August through September 2003, released September 6, 2003 On-Air interview with Larry King October 21, 2004, taken from cnn.com Supreme Court case decisions taken from lawlibrary.com/supremecourt â€Å"Letters of Thomas Jefferson†, 1781, Virginia State Library Foundation Congress voting results taken from Life&Liberty.gov PIPA (Program on International Policy Attitudes and the Center for International and Security Studies) University of Maryland. Poll conducted August through September 2003, released September 18, 2003.

History Of Skateboarding :: essays research papers

Skateboarding has rich history of innovation and is full of intriguing stories. Many of these stories are documented in this book in great detail. However, this essay will provide you with an overview of the last nine decades. The first type of skateboards were actually more like scooters. These contraptions, which date back to the early 1900's featured roller skate wheels attached to a two by four. Often the wood had a milk crate nailed to it with handles sticking out for control. Over the next five decades kids changed the look of the scooter and took off the crate and started cruising on two by fours with steel wheels. Tens of thousands of rollerskates were dismantled and joyfully hammered on to planks of wood. In the 1950's modifications were made to the trucks (the device that hold the wheels) and kids started to maneuver more easily. Towards the late 1950's, surfing became increasingly popular and people began to tie surfing together with cruising on a board. By 1959, the first Roller Derby Skateboard was for sale. Clay wheels entered the picture and sidewalk surfing began to take root. By the time the 1960's roll around, skateboarding had gained an impressive following amongst the surf crowd. However, when Larry Stevenson, publisher of Surf Guide begins to promote skateboarding, things started to take off. Larry's company, Makaha designed the first professional boards in 1963 and a team was formed to promote the product. The first skateboard contest was held at the Pier Avenue Junior School in Hermosa, California in 1963. In 1964, surf legend Hobie Alter teamed up with the Vita Pakt juice company to create Hobie Skateboards. While most skaters took to the street or sidewalk, some brave souls decide to ride empty swimming pools. By 1965, international contests, movies (Skater Dater), a magazine (The Quarterly Skateboarder) and cross country trips by teams of skateboarders elevated the sport to enormous heights. Over fifty million boards were sold within a three year period and then all of a sudden skateboarding died in the fall of 1965. The first crash of skateboarding came about due to inferior product, too much inventory and a public upset by reckless riding. The manufacturers were so busy making product that little was done in the way of research and development. Although some companies developed better quality wheels, clay wheels were the cheapest to manufacturer. However, clay wheels did not grip the road well and skaters fell everywhere.

Engagement with China: A Smithian Perspective :: Adam Smith Economics Essays

China seems to have been long stationary, and had probably long ago acquired that full complement of riches which is consistent with the nature of its laws and institutions. But this complement may be much inferior to what, with other laws and institutions, the nature of its soil, climate, and situation might admit of. A country which neglects or despises foreign commerce, and which admits the vessels of foreign nations into one or of its ports only, cannot transact the same quantity of business which it might do with different laws and institutions. Adam Smith, The Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations Book I, Chapter IX Introduction In today's post-Cold War world, U.S. foreign policy faces a plethora of uncertainties in the economic, social and political spheres. With the geopolitical order currently reduced to one major superpower, the new order is still quite amorphous. For such reasons, politicians, economists, military strategists and others in Washington have sought to answer the question, "Is there any particular country that has the potential to rise to the level of a regional, or even global, hegemon in the 21st century?" Evidence suggests so, and the country that has placed itself on the path of fulfilling that prophecy is the People's Republic of China. A 1994 World Bank study showed in 1980, the PRC accounted for only 3.6% of the world's gross domestic product and 0.8 % of its exports of manufactured goods. It estimates that, by 2010, the PRC could account for 15.5% of the world's GDP and 6.4% of its exports of manufactured goods (O’Quinn, 1997). Clearly, China is poised to assert much more influence on world affairs in the coming century. For this reason, foreign policy towards China has been debated under the realm of two distinct policies, engagement and containment. Engagement seeks to encourage China’s involvement in multilateral agreements and its membership in international organizations as a means of promote Beijing’s respect and adherence to international norms. Containment, on the other hand, adopts a more defensive approach. Its advocates point to the security risks inherent in accepting China into the international community. The policy proposes counterbalancing China in a method similar to that used with Russia during the Cold War. The challenge for the United States is to examine these two policies and determine which will be most effective in promoting U.S. interests vis-Ã  -vis an emerging China. In searching for answers, this paper will utilize arguments from a variety of scholars, most notably the famed economist Adam Smith, in an effort to focus on the strategy of engagement with the People's Republic of China.